Book Review: (The Secrets of) ECONOMIC INDICATORS (choose some here, please), in addition to his "Economics", by Bernard Baumol.

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This not - so - brief text on economic indicators by the great economics scribe Bernard Baumol has much to do without any triangulation whatsoever, or that might be hinted at here, with what people know to be the debate between the poets and the quants, though it avoids the bitter tone of some debating the empirical schools, those of liberal and other economists and what comprises good policy, good forecasting and so forth - obviously other issues for even more books.  In short, the argument presented here boils down to a number of charts or statistics poets and quants themselves two parties try to agree on, though same never seem to agree which can make for everything from pleasant banter to angry debate, shouting matches and so forth between advocates of these two "schools".  There is no wonder, and this given my own propensity to concentrate on narrative while numbers count (no pun intended here, they do), Baumol takes a longer approach to the shorthand and high - level semiotics and signaling of discrete economic statistics over what might seem to be a stream of words that would make even an excellent memory bend towards greater advocacy to figures, numbers, charts, graphs, and other media with, again, short and illustrative and highly semantic criteria with lots of room for discussion as to weight and importance and priority, if not the actual basis and computational arithmetic, calculus and differential math used in presenting these, too.  While the text, which illustrates dozens and dozens of indicators (you choose) carries on a very cogent and well - delivered and defined discussion of the subject matter at hand, the debate between technical and fundamental approaches to financial and other economics is authenticated by illustrative prose and the weight of the statistics themselves as portrayed and even further if you again choose one and decide to follow it through various publications:  There's no verbosity here about the prime rate and related interest rates here, nor P / E ratios, nor uptick nor downtick - type illustrations - the indicators in the narrative here are like bells that chime in the discourse of seasoned investors, students, professional economists and the like, so careful as well about what you might discover here.  It is not that it's all been "done" before, but different numbers have prominence at different times, and the world and the time that it depends upon at this point are computerized as well, at least the one many of us know at this point and the technologies that generate these figures are snappy - quick as well.

So what difference does another book by anyone make on the subject of leading and other indicators make at this point?  Well, if it is just another book about economics and finance, macro - or micro - , let it be this one.  The text here integrates, in its reading and illustrations, in the choices it presents according to economic axioms and patters, groups and hierarchies of data, information and reporting, many principles and points not only of the makings of different measures, but of the overall and actual meaning to those who have subject matter expertise and background in the materials at hand here.  Certainly, Dr. Baumol does and one reading this book ought to in fact respond to the sort of pent - up quest for indicators and their different meanings that the author addresses here by actually, and this especially if one is not familiar with the numbers and stats as presented, putting together or experimenting, and this the text might have been written for, with the correlations and reverse correlations of different figures the book introduces.  As an example, the C.P.I. might have something to do with capital flows directly, and with things like interest rates; though it actually might be found to have little related to the magnitude of national accounts and so forth, or commercial real estate numbers.  Overall an exemplary book about economics and one that every student of the subject should read through if not own outright.  

Мой учитель Алексис (на личной ноте).

My Teacher Alexis Rygaloff.

Some time ago, as I had studied about PRC for some time before really even trying at Mandarin and then even taking a class at it, I met with Alexis Rygaloff on a winter morning during a time at which China had, and this through the papers, started having a more important industrial base that produced more quality products, though this had nothing to do with our talk at the time. We neither met as colleagues as Rygaloff was much older and an experienced teacher at the time, but insofar as I had dropped in on his class several times and was learning, we both expressed an interest in this process given my situation at the time. It had been a custom at the time for many instructors when meeting with students to actually say very little, and I have no idea how such “mentoring” sessions take place today nor the protocols involved, nor what people really say to each other, but we did have some exchange of political language and some dialogue about his very interesting and informative mandarin grammar book.

His point to me was that he worked hard at his articles and books originally, and as a result had plenty of moneys and some creature comforts, indeed more than the average senior instructor at the time; I could have his tobacco if I believed I needed that, his jacket to keep warm in the weather, access to the books in his library – as all these were considered replaceable and fungible and he wanted to encourage me in my studies to the extent possible while persuading me his system of economic provision, academics, and other statuses would be of great help to me in continuance of any pursuit of the subject matter at hand. The way in which this was presented was greatly sophisticated and not without the proviso that I do work and according to accepted methods, etc. I was reminded during this quite important conversation that many of his colleagues, if not he himself had been at Cambridge in U.K., and extremely liked and admired the situation there and this for me proposed the danger of being blind to some circumstances and issues as many of them are: Mr. Rygaloff, while a gifted teacher and so forth, probably was indeed hardly aware of the economic terms, actual economics / commerce / business reasons about how he had his position and salary, of how he was able to afford his travels and worldly goods, and despite his outstanding grammar publication that I read through several times for its overall simplicity and heavy impact on Western speakers of mandarin (as an official language in PRC only, might I add here), the way he could maintain his teaching without much effort, maintain a following quite easily and so forth, again. When this topic entered my mind, in our brief meeting together early that winter afternoon, I raised my voice in mentioning my impression of this and how it was inappropriate and irresponsible for he and his colleagues to have accepted things on a political basis only, and then to have more or less lain in wait for 'tourists' such as myself to arrive while making all attempts to learn, and with all our efforts gleaning maybe about as much mandarin language and culture as was in the cuticle of his left – hand small finger. This is not an understatement, nor is nor was in our conversation the tone of forgetting about themes such as the hundred flowers, Great Leap Forward, and other ideas presumably designed in Moscow (1958 – 1971) that cast so many lives at least adrift if not into an abyss, of which an objection to his lessons I raised at the time. The reply was more or less, “what I have is yours as well”. To this day, I consider this sort of assertion by anyone as that of a confused and unfortunate party under the circumstances who held very tight, in fact after at one time probably having met people in the Kremlin if not Khruschchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, and Tchernenko themselves – so many of them travel to Russia in the course of their careers even today – to these sorts of things very unsure and unclear, and again about what things like property rights, other rights, and everything from personal autonomy of the reasonable and prudent person to territorial sovereignty actually are. Given the great losses they suffered at the time in the old countries, in fact with the open refusal of a part of the young intelligenstia to follow these socialistic ideas and principles, eventually were mostly due to these very well – trained and smart people having spent academic and other currency, all socially oriented, toward persuading the youth at the time and giving the overall impression that capital production and Western economics and systemic institutions such as common law, supply and demand including laissez - faire, Christianism and other 'isms' of the great Western powers, the establishment of the family and institution of marriage, commercial enterprise, multi – party politics and all this comprised the exploitative evil that caused systemic problems everywhere, and that essentially capitalism and its character are responsible for the world's ills and had been for a long time. The dismissive attitude that “J.P.” and everyone in the educational system where I attended college of the crimes of Stalin, Mao, and lesser autocrats in my view, and with respect to what Rygaloff would mention even today, gave direct cause for this insofar as survival of any elite or governance in the near abroad of Eastern Europe, Eurasia and Asia (including especially East Asia). Evidence of this had been a small, well – funded and extremely unpopular status of the communists' political parties for years in European and Western countries. The influence of Josef Stalin in his day on our instructors like Rygaloff, that of Mao Zedong, and of those who held these monumental figures as a model, for a long time has been that of the exercise of raw – power politically, however stilted, biased and misguided – oriented to the benefit of quite narrow and drunken elites who had seized governments and worked to preserve a systemic tone that had to do with making the world “new” again and casting aside much of what makes the character of thinking and being of most all people, regardless of whether they are intellectually aware of themselves, in the name of social progress. As much I have been able to tell people like Rygaloff eventually passed trying to resolve these sorts of dilemmas brought about by bloody leaders in those places.

The point of this is recently I attended an event where mandarin is all the rage and remembered Rygaloff's book on grammar that proposes most if not all people in PRC get along with about fifty phrases, the rest of the language is built on those fundamental sentential images. Mandarin overall is a language with lots of range and difficult to handle in the minutae that people like him studied, and this probably because many Chinese speakers have no idea grammatically of this important idea about the narrowness of their spoken word. Most people for their use of language are stuck in their proper castes in these regimes where party ties and the governance itself in many respects depends upon many mysteries in the workings of the ruling elite. People in this environment are raised to live with this, and the interpretation of Western systems as crazy, elitist, exploitative and so on, as part of the controls on the politics of the things where they carry on their lives everyday which smacks of a kind of guiding and ruling principle of parasitism by one's elite on the rest of society along with the purposeful demonizing of any regional exterior. This overall trust as established by the ruling party, and the kind of cultural monopoly it has with respect to the populace in places like PRC, leaves little room for personal freedoms, much less for the free flows of capital, goods and services, making for magical and mysterious, and though recently extremely well – managed, effects on society that are of marginal benefit only to the common – sense individual in those countries. Mandarin itself is a language that has great imagery and descriptive qualities including actually great linguistic range, and while its influence at least gets necessary attention from more and more people, needs be regarded with the present fervor about it not as a key to life as some would have it, but ascribed the proper requirements and character of something indeed as increasingly expensive and magical culturally along a learning path: That would render it ancillary or secondary to the purposes for which it is sometimes used, for example, to make one understand and use communist dialectics, or to have one reason in the West that commonly voting socialist or communist is valuable for one and for others, or other such critical themes within the purposes themselves of those attending social and / or professional events with such ideas as an avocation, or that are used again for instance along with civil rights (in this to the neglect of civil obligations themselves) in the banter and casual dialogue of the collectivity given the occasion.  As much in part, along with the lessons of political survival in view of monumental political adversaries and their vassals and various pawns, this instructor indirectly imparted in his provincial, almost Romanian, yet extremely serious and meticulous approach to the language and culture.  Enough, already.

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With Respect to A Number of Places at this Point (Not Just Ukraine).

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Why Nations Fail, by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson (2012, Crown Books.)

In the event you are interested in such things and cannot read this text, at least read the book preface that outlines the latest from “Arab Spring”, and “Jasmine Revolution” and the like. The text itself is rich in the images of things like corruption and societal backwardness, institutional and societal inertia and lack of ambition and ingenuity that pervades the politics and administration today of different, in fact unequal and dynamically conflicted states that are first embattled in different ways and then disowned by the overriding international community. These same characteristics, the authors propose, and other key ones appear again and again among states in the failure endgame, though it does seem the patterns and permanence of some momentous and more successful revolutions, and the models of 1688 England and 1789 France are often used in the text, are also illustrated and the proposition of the failed state is not necessarily an end to either the revolutions in various regions nor the direct result of internecine strife such as that in Central Africa at this point. Though no particular mention is made of it in this narrative, there are specific applications of the text at hand to Eastern Europe and its economics and politics especially (1986 – present.)

In illustrating a political thesis about a makeup of failed states that is introduced in its details in greater detail throughout the text, the author begins with an illustration of cross – border societies, one violent and completely indigent, one more wealthy, that have deep – seated reasons, dating in fact to the Age of Discovery, for their greatly contrasting socio – economic environments. It does appear and with validity that is in the history books, the authors have proposed that the politics of old, and going back many generations to when the world itself began to be properly mapped and to the origins of political spheres of influence, had more to do with a corporate partnership with various crowns that greatly augmented political scope and power of the royalty to the benefit of society, mostly to the bourgeoisie and the rich, but really to everyone. The relation of the Conquistadors to the Spanish crown is presented as a case in point here, as are some of the overseas ventures of the English in the early days, Napoleonic France in part, and other more modern examples of empire (the soviets, in fact, might have used this older model in their influence – pedaling and propaganda efforts over the years). With this model in mind, and that monetary wealth had depended upon growth models of the time, and that those growth models have changed to include more and more intangibles, such wealth had often been the result of society's policies and the edicts of the various crowns. To the extent people themselves had not been able to participate in this process, even in the economic models of today that are the engines of growth and prosperity, first little inequalities presented themselves, not really defined nor distinct; but these became rapidly greater and greater and more marked in places like the UK and the Americas and Canada, in places like Australia and New Zealand, China, Japan, and Singapore. Said disparities become even more obvious in the examination of the Pacific island countries, Sub – Saharan Africa, places in South and Southeast Asia, and other places that are immediately more heart – rending in the media today – Afghanistan and the Middle East overall as well.

One might explain the general drudgery and poor circumstances of some of these territories through an age – old thesis of those countries of the tropics of Capricorn and Cancer and the corresponding and intrinsic wealth of places in the Americas, for instance: A kind of “tropical disease” where the “hot” countries, given their location as well on the globe, do not do as well economically as those in the Northern climates. There are cultural hypotheses that apply and are affected by the contrasting evidence of inequalities between various places, even across delineated borders and rivers like the Rio Grande in the US / Mexico. Additionally, there are ideas as to failures of various governance through lack of proper succession of the leadership over time, ineffability and willful ignorance of the imperatives of proper business and commerce in places; communism, of course; and as a real outlier, rule of the populace by what are essentially an ascendance of a group or groups of ignorant poor given various conflicts and the scarcity of good leadership in some systems. These actual circumstances in some places render proper economic considerations that ordinarily enrich a country completely moot, and this where governing authorities and other stakeholders are in search of payoffs only at the exclusion of citizens' rights, a prospering home rule with reasonable or better living standards, or any common – sense measures of socio – economic success or accomplishment as we ordinarily know them. Today, North Korea might be cited as an obvious and impossible example of this.

The authors propose models to remedy this and these are varied, but mostly depend upon paying attention to the benefits and obligations of Western economics and capital formation, even to the extent of failed regimes making an effort about having profitable private business and institutions as well as leading indicators. This presents prosperity not as a completely wasteful and dirty undertaking as Marx proposed it is at least for the most part, but as a choice in which governance and the institutions of society function with a political imperative or imperatives that promote reasonable and steady, sustainable economic growth even today, again with the “green” or multi – feature approach with environmental considerations and other trends of the day. The thesis of the text goes beyond this, and is for every economist, professional or amateur, or anyone who follows current events and knows of systemic and political attrition as provoked by socio – economic failure, to read through and respond, and not to what is a provocation, but to an avoidance of economic plagues and the kind of serfdom that is an issue at present not only for the worker and working professionals all over, but in consideration of different, various and marked economic successes and failures as illustrated that await every nation – state whose chiefs are uninformed on such matters. Though the text presents (and this runs on) the idea as well that economic and political, etc., histories are extremely important in the failure analysis at hand, and the cause – and – effect administration of some regimes past and present, that without some analysis of difficulties examined therein using the methods presented again therein, or at least some method that one might agree upon, we are all due only the limited and arithmetically marginal prosperity and growth, if any, in our economic, monetary and other incomes, productivity, capital growth and other benefits of Western economics, as a result of lacking in our ability to adapt to new levels of analysis and conclusion in looking at modern economics as they are; and then acting upon this for the benefit (and corresponding calling to everyone to contribute to society) that accrues to each and every one of us. The disconcerting thing about such an idea is it purports to represent a kind of “end of capital” as Francis Fukuyama presented the idea in his popular books and talks some time ago as the “end of history”: Perspective itself and extremely heavy rumination that portends only a brand new beginning, albeit maybe even a Ricardian one.  

Recent Article on Eastern Europe by Condoleezza Rice - "Washington Post".

See also various presentations this past week from CPAC.

Belated Book Review (Investments.)

Yet Another Belated Book Review: More Than You Know, by Michael J. Mauboussin (2006.  Columbia University Press.)

This text begins with a quote from Edward O. Wilson that talks about the fallibility and inability to escape human nature that affects even the most staid and structured everywhere, including money centers where strict regimen are the rule of the day. Prof. Mauboussin in this text as well popularizes the idea of using “mental models” in the investment process and talks briefly about his first learning of it and then teaching it to his students, and continuing related work through the Santa Fe Institute. Mental models in investing apparently have more to do with determining different factors for achieving investment goals and then carrying them out versus going on a “gut feeling” or waiting for the world (essentially other market participants,) to make a mistake or mistakes, and this among other approaches as well.

The author does seriously tell the reader that each investor with a constructive strategy or even an investment idea needs a philosophy that overrides and takes into account the modern computer modeling approach to asset allocation, trading and so on. These different philosophies today are all probablistic and consist primarily of traders or gamblers, so – called handicapping as a way to make a safe bet on stocks and other securities, and what we know as the mundane practice of ordinary investing, actually the opposite of gambling. The narrative explores the approaches of investment process versus outcome in that processes are determined through applied and tested investment theory and problem solving whereas outcomes are, again, derivative of gambling behaviour more or less. The author argues in this world of short – term investment scoring that there is too much randomness and chaos without taking a longer – term perspective on stocks and other securities.

Investment philosophies are less important more recently as husbanding and growing assets has less appeal these days than immediate shareholder returns, not as derived from the trading behaviour of investors but of investment players, or money managers. The text proposes such managers or players are not winners, and despite the apparent brilliance of the players, a guiding philosophy outdoes this brilliance any day. In short, if you do not have an investment philosophy as a guide, find one! Remember as well the short – term emphasis today in the financial markets is not upon an investment process as structured and well – defined and working, but it is the shorter and shorter – term outcomes that are dwelt upon.

For some, needless, to mention here the investment process that Prof. Mauboussin defines for us in the text, and that is perhaps the most understandable for everyone is the value strategy that identifies under – priced securities. The author reminds us as well as his readers that investment fundamentals should not be equated with expectations. Investment processes that are good ones consider things like probabilities and payoffs where the consensus securities price is powerful and maybe popular at the same time, but might be wrong. Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin is quoted in the book as one who advocated a structured analysis and solution to things like investment process of which certain priorities including things like uncertainty, probablistic considerations, deciding and acting on decisions when faced with asymmetry and imperfect information, and rewards not just based on results but on the accomplishment process as well.

Different points are illustrated in the text, including the sort of scouting investors need to do when looking into different securities, creating an investment game – plan, and that it is very difficult to beat the market, especially when stocks are going up as the market has actually few weaknesses. The author examines securities selection criteria along with different measures of portfolio and asset performance for evaluating success in investing. For simplicity, the text concentrates mostly on the universe of U.S. Stocks that have several money and financial centers. The point is made the markets are ruled from different financial centers in America, not just New York and Boston by those in the investing profession that maximizes long – term returns for third party stakeholders, versus those in the investment business that maximize earnings for their banking firms. The text goes on to illustrate various investment axioms, truisms, and other observable principles about the markets, including things like hubris, risk assessment and risk – taking, winning and losing streaks, the element of the long – term in accomplishing investment goals, market psychology, the difficulties with consistently achieving higher returns, basic investment rules, the role of technology in the securities markets, working with others on your projects to have capital and other gains, and dealing with the overall ups and downs of the markets, even in the long – term. Overall an excellent read.   

Battleground in Kyiv, Ukraine. Comments Invited.

Article from Time.com - click here.

SOCHI 2014.

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As people like me actually know very little about competition in winter sports, and despite this, the 2014 Sochi, Russia Winter Olympics have been outstanding to watch on television, of which the skiing, hockey (especially), cross - country skiing, and even the curling.  Have been searching for an appropriate pictorial for the young people competing in the various events in Sochi, and one might lookup the photoportraits on "Sporting News" or Time.com for starters, and then later at, i.e., the "Sports Illustrated" site that has its annual swimsuit issue out now. 

The thing that struck me about these 2014 winter Olympics as televised on N.B.C. has been that portrayal of the contest times as happening extremely quickly, especially for the individual events like the Downhill and Slalom races, the ski jumping, rink skating and so forth.  I am sure this was the result of the goals of network coverage that called for everything to be timed to the millisecond.  With respect to the commentators, the N.B.C. Sports broadcasting crew remains the best for such events and brings out the competitive and dedicated spirit of every contestant on screen, especially again among those who are interviewed during and after matches.  People like me also greatly enjoyed watching the snowboarding as this is a sport that appears not to be too well - defined, but that captures young peoples' attention and interest among others in the featured sporting contests.  This shows the contests are much more equalized and the winning contestants more stratified than typically was the case in the days of old.  Last, but not least, were things like the speed skating and figure - skating that for me have a more specific and specialized audience, maybe more among actual skaters, that also proved to be well - worth seeing,


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and are apparently the calling for many superior contestants on a very high competitive level.  Overall, many of the happenings at this year's winter Olympics, and obviously I did not catch everything despite watching lots of programming, both early and late when the broadcasts were televised, I still have to mention here as probably being the best winter games since Lake Placid, NY, in 1980.  At least this is a little true for the Norwegians, Canadians and Russians who came out with more gold medals than the Americans who have the most medals overall to date in Sochi.  The television coverage of these games was quite good and everyone need have picked an event and to have made an effort to tune in to their contests - I chose the hockey (USA men's and women's) this year and the teams as they were did not disappoint.  Those Canadiens, especially those from Toronto, ... , are especially tough with their hockey, though people like me believe some voodoo was involved in cutting off the U.S. hopes for the gold medals in this area (no sour grapes here, however).  Am as well not taken aback by the sports successes of the Netherlands (22 medals,) and for instance, Japan (8,) that show how the contests at the Olympics now are more equalized and stratified - that they make room for everyone more than before at this point.  Really a good games so far. 

Winter Olympics 2014 site.

United States Olympic Committee site.

International Olympic Committee site. 

Periodic Interest: Fifty Years Ago - At The Edward Sullivan Theater: ...

Periodic Interest: Fifty Years Ago - At The Edward Sullivan Theater: ...: "New York Times" article on the event there - click here . Media Photo Remember there's an arg...

Fifty Years Ago - At The Edward Sullivan Theater: "The Beatles!"

"New York Times" article on the event there - click here.

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Remember there's an argument that while "The Beatles" were great, "The Stones" were better, and younger at the time.  Everyone likes them nonetheless; "Stones", too, maybe, at this point as well. 

New Book: "Duty" by Robert M. Gates.

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There are lots of books that have been published about the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, including those by Robert Woodward, Donald Rumsfeld, and company, etc., though this one appears to be the most devoted to actually illustrating the details of the time, and not the strictly autobiographical take on the times of those conflicts to date some of the texts have.  Robert Gates, as a kind of unsung personality from the State of Texas, and from academia, who has held various underrated posts in government under six presidents, and who might rival people like Clark Clifford and other major personalities in how he has helped the various parties in leading the country in recent history, has written here an exemplary text mostly about what it is to be responsible executive - wise during times of war and other conflict.  In the modern, sterilized - type of view that many have of armed conflict and in principle with respect to the 'cut and try' and 'simple' approach to the recent wars, Mr. Gates portrays the complexities and intricacies of these and this with the overall influences of public finances and the crises of 2007 - 2008, including the overall lessening of the U.S. war effort as an indirect result of the financial crises of the time.  The issues here as presented are heart - rending and Mr. Gates at the executive level is highly partial and sympathetic even to the vagaries of the common soldier and service person not just in the battle phalanx, but in supply and and back office as well.

Evident from any reading of this text is the overall pessimism and downbeat criticisms of the war and the effects it had on the offices of government executives conducting the war at the time, including the generally dismal reports of late that have been offered by military staff due to lack of support from the public and financial and other support in their various departments.  The battle ventures of the U.S. in Afghanistan and Iraq have suffered from popular criticism and political backbiting, and other angles as being Napoleonic in nature, and this text includes many arguments that refute this characterization that is made from a comic - book - type of view on things like cultural traditions in the Middle East and modern world society and the importance of the Middle East in this and the conduct of military affairs there.  The book discusses the threats of Al - Q'aeda and other groups such as Hamas as well, including a related military history as detailed starting in the Bush Administration's response to 9 / 11, and even the World Trade Center bombing in 1993 as it was in the Clinton administration years.  The text also reviews the military approach to the capture of Sadaam Hussein, the pursuit of Al - Q'aeda people and the responsible pursuit of these individuals and related matters, including the overall reservedness and reluctance of the military to use greatly destructive anti - personnel methods in prosecuting the wars.  With this tone in mind in reading any such text, and any writing by Robert Gates about Afghanistan and Iraq and related conflicts and the U.S. military responses to them, the difficult politicking of the time in both countries that really had been done on a shoestring, the high - minded dedication of U.S. personnel from every government department and policy or project under Mr. Gates, the author portrays the conflicts and ancillary military strikes and activities as completely and persuasively necessary.  The writing in its entirety transcends the traditional approach to administration and the military of one based upon relationships and foreign policy ties of the same nature, and is new in its approach to having considered the importance of the sovereignty and role, and political impact of nationalism and its derivative influences in the Middle East and related developments that caused deliberate U.S. actions there and at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.  The paradoxes and ironies of this and other political and military imperatives of the day chewed up lesser people than Mr. Gates and there is a laundry list of them:  All of whom did their supreme best and who performed as commanded to do - all extremely commendable people who are to be rewarded for their meritorious actions and herculean efforts in reply to the calling to battle and other obligations of their profession of service to country, the U.S. and America, in view of the torn and distorted fabric of the world of the Middle East that has been the story of this place for a long time.  Mr. Gates took on all this after being called to office again by president Bush in the mid - 2000's as a person who could take the office of the Secretary of Defense and related executive offices and turn them again into the dynamic, resilient, formidable, and resoundingly and administratively useful offices they needed to be.  Little light is shed upon the seeming deficiencies of Mr. Gates official predecessors, and judgment as to this either way is substantively left to the reader of this writing.  Mr. Gates had been comfortably, again, accumulating experience in the field of academia at the time of his additional calling to office by the president, and had been selected probably then due to his own self - governing insight, among other greatly ignored values and merits, that the greatest "doves" in America anywhere on the globe are those in uniform of the U.S. armed forces.

Given this axiomatic and very sophisticated, and then formalized view through his office, and again on

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a shoestring, the war effort methodically gained efficacy and effectiveness due to Gates' using the best personnel, including the input and views, good counsel and persuasive actions and examples of people like Condoleezza Rice, Richard Cheney, Michael Mullin, N.A.T.O. people, and so on.  All this carried on, in fact, though not greatly evident, despite there being a paucity of rewards for the administrative, political and other principals involved.  The look of the flyleaf and the title as illustrated on the cover illustrate on the service the meaning patriotically of the efforts of all these people to facilitate and assure international security and the abatement of any terrorism as it emanates from the regions examined in the text.  Any reading of content as further illustrated in the pages, and page - by - page, word for word, this writing brings forward in captivating and scrupulous detail all the issues and related values in play in any looking into the content examined therein - and greatly dispels the concerns about the purposes of such subject matter or matters as they are portrayed.  Overall an outstanding read for anyone.

"New York Times" book review - click here.

Stalin's Curse by Robert Gellately (2013, Knopf Publishers.)

Stalin’s Curse (Gellately, Robert, Knopf, 2013).

This  really good text about the efforts of the U.S.S.R. in Eastern Europe over the crucial decades – Great Depression and WWII – of the 20^th century does begin as many biographical texts do with a brief summation of Stalin’s young life, how he became a communist and was influenced by Lenin, and by the mid – 1920’s was positioned and then allowed control of the U.S.S.R. administration until 1953 when he died at more than seventy years of age.  Keep in mind as well, that while in many cases briefly, the Bolsheviks themselves as they rose to power only made progress by small fits and starts, and only when conditions in Russia were truly surreal were they allowed to stage their coup and take over Russia at the end of WWI.  This biographical text of Josef Stalin does not deeply examine the Russian Civil War, nor does it deeply look at the path to power the Bolsheviks took under Lenin:  It really begins with the accession to power of Stalin and the kind of revolutionary government, what was to become typical among communist regimes, he promoted as heavily dependent upon the military, and heavily doctrinaire in its practices in what concerned the carrying out of Marxist ideals that indeed included elimination of any threats to his singular power and the primacy of socialism / communism in the former Russian empire. 

Mostly, the level of analysis of this text appears to be the dissuasion of Eastern Europe away from the West, including White Russia and Ukraine at the end of WWII.  As well, the illusions of the West to transform Germany from a bitter, brutal and primitively defeated axis power into a European country again, were dispelled by machinations involving the demands of communism in reparations, primarily as stated, for Red Army losses during the war, and this not only in personnel, but in property and goods as the Wehrmacht had been as far East as the outskirts of Moscow, and perhaps further East in the Southern part of the U.S.S.R. and had done much damage to the soviets in the process before retreating.  Due to adamant demands from foreign minister Molotov and Stalin himself, Western powers were compelled to allow for the expansion of soviet influences into Eastern Europe, and into places like the Balkans, Central Europe and even places like Italy where communism was to have its moments of prominence.  Remember the Red Army was the first to capture parts of the WWII German capitol, then the British and Americans, and as occupiers placed themselves in no other position than to make demands upon the Western Powers as far as regional politics and influence were concerned.  The terror of the 1930’s and then WWII had taken a heavy toll on soviet society due to attrition among the intelligentsia, including in the soviet military, and due to the number of war dead including civilians. 

The text goes on to explain the power relationships among the great powers of the day, chiefly Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt and then including U.S. president Harry Truman after the passing of FDR.  One might remark here that post – WWII Europe had been settled at Potsdam, FRG, outside Berlin and the agenda that followed included the foreseeable increasing importance of Asia (mostly China and Japan) and the nuclear arms race.  Russia did not yet have a thermonuclear weapon and as the U.S. developed one, the soviets followed with their own about a year later.  There were additional purges in the soviet union after WWII in the 1950’s that provoked a re – affirmation of increasingly dogmatic Marxism in the country and in this way a kind of ideological contest, as at least in part documented for example in the sixteen bound volumes of Stalin’s writings, took place with PRC that led to an international party split.  Nonetheless, new communist regimes as directly sponsored by Moscow were enforced in Poland and Czechoslovakia, and important ones arose in Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary.  Important and major communist influences on administrations were reified elsewhere in Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece, and a party system as set up in Europe overall continued the structure of soviet efforts in this way.  These communist regimes of the time were and should be viewed as dictatorships that were choices and deliberate efforts of the Kremlin to shape the future of Europe, and this despite the again foreseeable failures of the soviets in Yugoslavia and Germany. 

There are other important details that make this work entirely worth a critical reading and analysis by any interested reader, including some of the long – held attitudes of the Kremlin about Asia and the future of Stalinization everywhere, including obviously in places like North Korea and Southeast Asia, Cuba and Latin America.  Overall, the text has many insights and includes narratives on many levels about the life of this notorious and powerful 20^th century political figure.